How To Grow Sodium Nitrate Crystals

Sodium nitrate is a common chemical, found in food, fertilizer, glass enamel, and pyrotechnics. Sodium nitrate, NaNO3, forms colorless hexagonal crystals. Although these crystals are a bit more challenging to grow than some of the beginner crystals, the interesting crystal structure makes them worth the effort. The crystal somewhat resembles calcite, exhibiting some of the same properties. Sodium nitrate crystals can be used to examine double refraction, cleavage, and glide. Sodium Nitrate Crystal Growing Solution Dissolve 110 grams sodium nitrate per 100 ml hot water. This will be a supersaturated solution. One method of growing crystals is to allow this solution to cool in an undisturbed location and allow it to produce crystals as the liquid evaporates.Another method of growing this crystal is to grow a single crystal in a sealed container from a supersaturated solution. If you choose to follow this method, prepare the aforementioned solution, allow this solution to cool, then add a couple of grains of sodium nitrate and seal the container. The excess sodium nitrate will deposit on the grains, producing a saturated sodium nitrate solution. Allow a couple of days for this to occur.Pour off the saturated solution. Pour a small amount of this solution into a shallow dish. Allow the liquid to evaporate, to produce small seed crystals. Select a crystal or two for further growth.To prepare the supersaturated growing solution, to your existing solution add 3 grams of sodium nitrate per 100 ml of w ater in the original solution. So, if you prepared 300 ml of solution, you would add an extra 9 grams of sodium nitrate.Carefully add your seed crystal to this liquid. You can suspend the crystal from a nylon monofilament. A nylon monofilament or wire is used because it wont wick up the solution, causing evaporation.Seal the jar and allow the crystals to grow at a constant temperature, someplace they wont be disturbed. Sodium nitrate is very sensitive to temperature changes, so maintaining a constant temperature is important. If you have difficulty maintaining a temperature, you can place the sealed jar inside a water bath. If you dont see crystal growth after a few days, try lowering the temperature slightly.

The State Of The Natural Person Has Been At The Center Of...

The state of the natural person has been at the center of political thought since the creation of civilization. Tinder points out that in looking at history and our current living conditions, there are certainly examples of conflict and personal uncomfortability in community (24). For instance, although the modern day, middle- class lifestyle offers one the opportunity to engage with others frequently, many people feel a pervading sense of alienation from others. Relationships may be viewed as â€Å"tenuous and impermanent† in such a community where the dynamics of family and social mobility have changed, resulting in one becoming frustrated or intolerable of their surroundings (Tinder 25). However, Tinder questions whether these feelings of frustration are resulting from the restrictive conditions seen in contemporary life or if these feelings are indicative of an estranged essence (25). To better understand this concept, the definition of â€Å"essence,† as defined by Tinder, is one’s â€Å"innermost or [most] basic self;† the thing which is â€Å"beneath the ephemeral and misleading appearances† (26). To suggest that such unease in community living are symptomatic of an estranged essence, as was examined by Tinder in this particular case, is to suggest that humans would be happier in their solitude. That in the primal core of oneself is a longing and comfortability in being alone rather than being with others (Tinder 26). If humans are in fact estranged in essence, it would be ridiculous toShow MoreRelatedEastern and Western Parallels1424 Words   |  6 Pagesa suppressant to the spread of non-western thought. Even though Eastern ideologies tend to differ greatly from thoughts of the western world, there is some level of unity between the two. 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Almost every year since 2009, at least one country in the world recognizes or allows same-sex marriage to happen. Over twenty countries have already legalized same-sex marriages in their nation. These countries include: United States, Argentina, Spain, South Africa, Norway, France, Canada

Social Media and the Egyptian Revolution Free Essays

January 2011 marked the beginning of peaceful protests and movement demonstrations staged by citizens throughout Egypt. Movement actors fought for democratic advances, political freedoms and equality. The genuine commitment for change, the unity of the people and most notably the tactful We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media and the Egyptian Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/the-effects-of-social-media-on-communication-skills/"manipulation of social media resulted in the disposition of the suppressive regime. Modern social media has significantly changed the traditional forms of activism and has simplified the efforts needed to provoke civic mobilization. Social media applications such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube hold the dynamic power to manipulate, control, inform and motivate. Essentially, they have become excellent tools for activists. This paper seeks to describe and assess specifically the relationship between social media and the Egyptian Revolution. Building on this foundation, this essay will prove that social media platforms were the major catalysts for social change in Egypt. To begin, social media, or more precisely Twitter and Facebook, defined and formed the movement’s collective identity. These platforms represented safe environments that permitted individuals to consult about common grievances and share revolutionary ideas (Comunello Anzera, 2012; 466). Furthermore, social media applications played key roles in facilitating the efforts needed for communication, organization, and recruitment (ibid). These applications were highly trusted as they allowed activists to network effortlessly and moreover, assisted in turning rational individuals into constituents. Lastly, social media aided in attracting global support and ‘helped spread democratic ideas across international borders’ (Comunello Anzera, 2012; 466). By referencing the works of scholars such as Kenneth Pollack, Halim Rane and Francesca Communello, this paper will prove social media as the underlying force of the Egyptian revolution. To begin, the conversations held on Facebook and Twitter shaped the collective identity that would make ‘individuals feel capable of effecting change’ (Staggenborg, 2008; 191). Twitter and Facebook were the underlying catalytic forces of the movement as they provided a space that would allow Egyptians to publically aspire for changes and ‘express opposition to the existing order’ (Doran, 2011; 41). â€Å"We Are All Khaled Said† was a Facebook page that established Khaled Said’s death as the spark of the Egyptian movement. With Said’s brutally beaten face as the banner, this page quickly spurred anger as it emphasized both the unreasonable level of cruelty that was exerted towards him and as well as the oppression Egyptians faced daily. Remarkably over the course of a few weeks, half a million Egyptians were on Facebook, expressing their anger and sharing their grievances over police brutality, rising food prices and corruption. This platform page assisted in framing the movement â€Å"in terms of demands for dignity, justice, freedom and democracy† (Rane et al, 2012; 80). The establishment of the movement’s frame gave rise to many other Facebook pages. These highlighted the corrupted practices of the government and educated both constituents and adherents to the movement about democracy and its benefits. Facebook succeeded in breaking down the psychological fear barrier that obstructed Egyptians from participating. Once fear was no longer an issue, the Egyptian social capital progressed intensively as the collective consciousness emerged. Facebook was used as a mobilization structure that would undeniably give back the power to the people and restore their self esteem. Correspondingly, Tunisia’s success in toppling their dictator, had inspired a wave of revolutions in the Middle-East. Socio-political debates and ideas of democratic advances in Egypt were highly influenced by the current events in Tunisia. These influences had left a marginal impact on the Egyptian collective identity. By using social media platforms, Tunisian activists guided their Egyptian counterparts regarding the matters of revolution. On Facebook, Tunisians inspired Egyptians by further highlighting the benefits of democratic advancements and by providing words of encouragement and advice ( Rane Salem, 2012; 85). Tunisians contributed to the empowerment and collective morale of the Egyptian people entirely through the use of social networking applications. Social media is what ultimately allowed the Egyptian people to be galvanized. It created a type of common room that allowed dissidents to speak feely which gave emergence to the movements collective action frame and identity. As Twitter and Facebook were deduced as safe and anonymous environments, the psychological fear barrier had eventually been broken, thus supporting the thesis that social media was undeniably a prominent feature in the outcome in Egypt. (Rane Salem, 2012; 84) In addition, Twitter and Facebook had facilitated the movement’s needed efforts for mobilization. Activists used these platforms as reliable tools  to propagate their message and contact fellow movement actors. Both Twitter and Facebook contain features that allow statements to be liked, shared or quoted; therefore breaking down all geographical barriers. Egyptian activists, while by passing government restrictions, would use these applications to strategically organize peaceful protests and other forms of collective activities and events. Movement actors would organize ways to contest authorities on Twitter or Facebook as they knew their great power to spread news (Idle and Nunns, 2011, p. 20). Specifically, Twitter played a key role during the revolution as it held the power to potentially turn a simple tweet into a worldwide trending topic. Similarly to the diffusion theory, Twitter along with Facebook became key channels of diffusion. Both these applications accelerated the speed at which the adopters received the innovations initiated by the transmitters, resulting in the instantaneous mobilization of individuals and resources ( Rane Salem, 2012; 78). The pertinent example of this phenomenon presents itself a few days prior to the massive revolutionary demonstrations of January 25. To avoid attracting authorities, main organizers of this uprising had avoided disclosing details too early. When details were finally shared, it diffused virally over social media applications at an impeccable speed that would attract 80, 000 protestors in two days, thus proving social media as a prominent inciting force. Social media was used to raise expectations of success and coordinate strategy (Howard et al. 2011; 9). These networks were manipulated in ways that would inspire â€Å"dissidents to organize protests, criticize their governments and spread ideas about democracy† (ibid). Twitter and Facebook supported Egyptian activists by sustaining collective action and by facilitating the process of diffusion (Rane Salem, 2012; 90). To deduce, social media simplified the dynamics needed to provoke the mobilization of the Egyptian social movement, thus supporting the thesis that Twitter and Facebook were the catalysts to the movement. Lastly, social media platforms galvanized foreign support and â€Å"helped to globally spread voices against [oppressive] regimes† factors that contributed to the movement’s success (Comunello Anzera, 2012; 466). As previously mentioned, social media networks had broken down the geographical barriers that would otherwise limit activists. Twitter, Facebook and YouTube disseminated images and videos of police brutality towards the relatively peaceful protestors; which heightened awareness in countries. Activists used these platforms in their favour to gain international support, thus weakening the oppressive regime. Simply put, the more Egyptians attracted awareness, the more likely Mubarak would fall. Specifically, Egyptians directed these images to Western countries as they recognized that added pressures from these States was paramount (Khamis Vaughn, 2011). An important speech permitted Egyptian movement actors had known of their success days before Mubarak had actually resigned. When Obama publically stated his discontentment with the Egyptian government’s abuse of power, there was a cry of victory in all of Egypt. The Leader of the Free World’s statement had rekindled the fire of passion and had empowered Egyptians, inspiring them to continue their pursue for change. Moreover, similarly to the Tunisian Revolution, the Egyptian Revolution had sparked movements throughout the Middle East. Countries across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region share many common elements, thus explaining the wave of uprisings (Rane Salem, 2012; 84). The Egyptian movement was merely a response to a lack of human rights and freedoms and its success, motivated all pro- democratic activists in the MENA region. These activists learned of the power of social media by following the Egyptian movement on Twitter and Facebook. In hoping to rid their countries from â€Å"adverse social, economic and political situation†, activists look at social media platforms as the initiators for change (ibid).. Consequently, current oppressive governments in the Middle East have taken example from the failures of the Egyptian and Tunisian governments and â€Å"have been subjected to a new level of scrutiny† (Doran, 2011; 43). In Syria, the authoritative government has been behaving with great brutality in response to mobilization efforts. Assad has ruthlessly killed many of the rioting individuals all while censoring the media, in efforts of shielding ‘himself from foreign audit’ (ibid). The social media tactics used by Egyptian and Tunisian activists have weakened their respective government all while strengthening other authoritarian governments in the region. Twitter and Facebook supported Egypt during its plight for social change as they assisted activists in raising international awareness. Because of their abilities to cascade information virally with no geographical limits, the Egyptian Revolution became an international topic in a matter of weeks; ultimately leading to the movements success. Lastly, social media aided with  spreading ideas of revolution and democracy in the MENA region (Rane Salem, 2012; 84). The diffusion of Egypt’s success on Facebook and Twitter, inspired pro-democratic movements throughout the Middle East; thus supporting the statement that social media was the seminal impulse for social change in Egypt and as well as the rest of the Middle East. â€Å"The best practical reason to think that social media can help bring political change is that both dissidents and governments think they can† C. Shirky ( Comunello Anzera, 2012; 461). The Egyptian Revolution and the contributory role played by Twitter and Facebook demonstrate the predominant effect social media platforms have on social movements. The achievement of the movements objectives didn’t solely depend on social media; offline efforts were required. Nevertheless, Twitter and Facebook were the major driving forces of the movement as they accelerated the movement’s progression towards success. To begin, these social media applications shaped the collective action frame and defined the collective identity, ultimately leading to the mobilization of the movement. Furthermore, these platforms facilitated communicational efforts and the transfer of pertinent information thus simplifying all the dynamics involved with mobilization. Lastly, Twitter and Facebook helped in the spreading of democratic ideas and attracted the international awareness needed that would essentially overthrow the Mubarak regime. Considering these statements aforementioned, it is extremely likely that without these social media platforms, the revolution would have evolved at a much slower pace, therefore proving that these platforms were verily major catalysts for social change in Egypt. How to cite Social Media and the Egyptian Revolution, Papers

Who Owns Environment

Introduction Matters of the environment have witnessed a mounting gratitude in the recent past. It is certain that the issue of property rights is the main upcoming concern about the environment. Regardless of conformity that nonexistence of precise and constantly enforced possessions rights results in the utilization of natural resources, there is still extensive divergence about lots of facets of America’s assets privileges paradigm.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Who Owns Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The outstanding proposers of â€Å"Who Owns the Environment?† investigate plentiful hypothetical and experimental possibilities for healing these tribulations. There has been a concern to strike a balance between environmentalism and economic freedom, and how they end up in the conservation and restoration of environment (Block 1887). Environmentalism is goal directed since it is con cerned with survival and enhancement of endangered species. Economic freedom, on the other hand, concerns justifiable ownership of property from the natural world. Pigou also illustrates how externalities faced revolution to ensure sound environmental management. Several libertarians and conservatives have come up with policies to ensure appropriate management of property rights to conserve the environment. Environmentalism and Economic Freedom Environmentalism refers to the viewpoint that observes gains in uncontaminated innate reserves like air and water, as well as minimized extermination of species. Environmentalists claim to own the environment since they pursue everything to safeguard it. On the other hand, those who vouch for economic freedom usually accumulate resources from the natural surroundings coupled with personal labor. It is understood that the economic freedom wing also claims to own the environment. The two parameters are inversely interrelated since amplification in one causes diminish in the other. There is a worrying rivalry between the two parties. Furthermore, there is also a discrepancy among environmentalists since some are lukewarm while others are real (Block 1888). Human beings are part of nature, but it is unfortunate that they do not want to join nature. Real environmentalists are determined to ensure that Homo sapiens bond the natural world to ensure maximum restoration and preservation of ecology. Individuals use the planet resources greedily thus ruining it at an alarming rate. Libertarianism theory accords each an opportunity to articulate views with no any peripheral interference. This theory has been supported by the pro-free economy, but several environmentalists have blamed it. It is not the letdown of the government to abate air contamination, but it results from market malfunction in the name of liberal enterprise.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pape r with 15% OFF Learn More Pigou claimed that heavy pollution occurs in the community since the offenders are not responsible for the damages. It is; therefore, realized that recompense for the harm brings the sense of responsibility, and subsequent ownership of the environment. Pay as you pollute is a slogan widely used by environmentalists to ensure ownership of the environment by the community. Both the socialist, as well as capitalist economy, contributed to severe environmental degradation. Capitalists usually cause great harm to the community since they will go free under the laissez faire. Socialist economy, on the other hand, nips pollution troubles since it has the powers to do so. This scenario is evident in democratic nations like the United States. A key example is the dumping of 400,000 tones of perilous waste by the US defense department (Block 1889). This was more that the waste released by five conglomerates combined. All these have led to the pollution of en vironment without paying for the damage. Environmentalists assert that manufactures as well as other property owners should pay for any damage caused to the public. Contrary to this, manufacturers and foundries, cannot operate in vacuum; furthermore, the complainers depend on such products for their continuity. To strike a balance, private polluters were bearing the costs of their businesses. Consequently, they were sued to for their past transgressions and getting court commands barring them from potential inversions. In a bid to uphold property rights, several beneficial means of evading pollution were established. These include inducement for using a cleaner expertise, as well as installation of scrubbers to reduce pollution. Another means of protecting the environment is the establishment of plants away from the populace to lessen jeopardy of health hazards. All these were happening before 1850, but later ceased where firms were polluting without penalties up to 1070. Environmen talists blamed the government for pollution arising from private and social confines. This was due to government failed to uphold the free enterprise with a legal system (Block 1891). This environmentalist’s move usually ensures collective responsibility for the conservation of the environment. Evolution of regulations increased when polluters were causing grave dangers to the environment. The government came up with other regulations other than paying for the pollution. It is noted that the adoption of treatable emission rights (TERS) was significant since firms are required to reduce the levels of pollution collectively (Block 1891).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Who Owns Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Under this means, a firm may pay another to reduce further if it cannot reduce to the required levels so that they and up at required cumulative reduction levels. This ensured a system of rights to pollute, together with a structured market where these could be traded. Environmentalists have used several means to control pollution to protect private property rights. Even though, this has been impractical they have demanded a cleaner environmental law, which are enforced by jail terms. This translates into high cost of garbage disposal and subsequent increase in the production expenditure. This affects the private property rights negatively due to increased cost. There are worries of turning back to 1820s when stringent measures were applied to the polluters. It seems impractical since everything would be considered pollutant, including exhaling CO2. Furthermore, cases will throng the courts that judges will only attend to grave ones. It is imperative to assert that plastic and styro-foam are irritating environmentalists. The case of McDonald’s in the USSSR drew the attention of environmentalists since they were using these materials to wrap their products. The se substances are unfriendly to the environment since they are non-biodegradable, non-reusable, as well as non-recyclable. This scenario is common in the supermarkets since buyers chose between the paper and plastic bag. This leaves a big question to the populace to decide whether to pollute or conserve the environment. This is further complicated since some products come already wrapped in polythene (Block 1894). A sensible consumer will not pay an extra fee by accepting plastic bag, but would accept such materials when included in the overall cost of the product. Externality and the Environment More than a few environmentalists have blamed managing waste by externality owing to its meagerness. This is a scenario where A pulls off B, and B is helpless of gathering the compensations nor stop through order. This is due to the scantiness of the decree, where the government falls short to espouse the law against the infringers. This leads to the point of externalities evolution, which assumed common law for tens decades. Great economists overlooked the demand of legal and other institutions about paying for their decisions. Furthermore, legislators also tried unsuccessfully to force the polluters to pay for their external costs (Barnett Yandle 30). The two foremost letdowns included disrespect of the demand of exceptional concerns. Another was failing to regard and state suppositions about background organizations’ agreements. The efforts of institutions led to the end of externalities revolution. This constituted greatly to whoever owns the environment, since the perpetrators were prompted to pay for their external costs. The issue of environment ownership is elaborated when an individual realizes the occurrence of degradation and subsequent action to restore it.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The concept of externalities provides that the government is constantly confusing economists, on the other hand it lacks control over private transactions. This leads to unintentional impacts, which are insidious. This concept came into being when escalating cost viable firm causes ascend in the effort of an existing corporation. Furthermore, Pigou reasons that the discrepancy in cost owing to the entrance of a novel company causes deviation amid the marginal personal disposable produce and the marginal common net product of venture. These scenarios are prevalent in the society with constant call for the government to intervene. This leads to the point of environment ownership, since the public thinks that the government is responsible for the protection of the surrounding. It is unfortunate that some administrators classified the externalities, calling some irrelevant (Barnett Yandle 33). This means that there are some externalities, which are considered relevant. This should not a pply since the result is a polluted the environment. The concept of unfilled boxes of externalities took a paradigm shift to become laden with the justification for government intrusion. This came into being after Pigou advancing on the Marshall’s ideas to cover both the private and social net products, giving rise to Pigou (I). He was clear on his illustration claiming that the governmental interventions were necessary to resolve the mess. On the other hand, he claimed that contraction of private firms to take care of the environment would do more harm. Pigou illustrated several negative externalities like the case of congestion in roads as well as damages to the surrounding vegetation caused by the sparks emanating from train. Others include establishing factories next to residential places as well as keeping animals that invade other people’s property (Barnett Yandle 36). This consideration leads to the point where every person has the responsibility to conserve the environment. Consequently, it drives us to the point of who owns the environment. Environmentalists persuade the government to enforce rules, which compel the public to adhere to the environmental standards. It is imperative to assert that inadequate description of property rights, as well as market failures, are the causes of externalities problems (Barnett Yandle 39). People usually assume that all property within their homesteads belong to them. This is a wrong definition of property ownership. The government has the right to control several resources, including the ones under individual’s control. It is capable of protecting species or a natural resource it deems fit. Environmentalists; therefore, prompt the government to enforce environmental regulations since it has all the machineries to compel the public. Market failures also lead to negative externalities since traders are unaware of the wrongs they do. Relevant externalities exist, but the systems of property right s allow the affected parties to bargain (Barnett Yandle 43). This will ensure final retrenchment from the problem. It is not possible for many to describe public good, which the politics vouch for. The risk lies in the definition of public good, but a clear definition of relevant externalities in the most important aspect. Property Rights and the Environment Persons, clusters, and institutions have taken environmental policies seriously to evade the consequences of law. Free-market environmentalism (FME) is one of the many policies aimed at protecting assets rights in the ecological confines. Supporters of FME usually espouse utilitarian, as well as well being maximization method of climate change, since they endeavor to evade the fee of alleviating the measures. It is realized that the move to conserve the environment is an uphill task to several people including the sponsors of FME. Supporters of property rights should show a sincere commitment by taking the threats of climatic ch ange seriously the same way they consider the stringent policies. On the other hand, there are people who value economic growth, as opposed to environmental importance to human prosperity (Adler 279). Likewise, those who fancy utilitarian for maximization of disposable individual welfare come up with different policies. Conformist politicians, liberals, and market leaning plan makers outline that nothing should be done about atmospheric alteration. They thus resist the implementation of dogmatic controls on greenhouse gas release. This leaves the question of environment ownership if other people do not contribute to its conservation. This; therefore, prompts the conservatives and the libertarians in the United States to ratify FME policy, which is concerned with the protection of property rights. The concept of FME entails the expansion of property rights to the environmental precincts to aid their exploitation and safeguard, consistent with personage inclinations. The concept is in consistent with the conventional approaches to ecological protection, which depends on market malfunctions. It aims at safeguarding the environment since failure to which may compel the property owner to pay for the damages. FME advocates wish for the extinction of markets rather than polluting the environment through market failures. Environmental protection cannot be ensured by enforcing conventions and other interventions due to market failure. These advocates call for the extension of markets through the appreciation and fortification of private property rights in ecological resources (Adler 301). In this scenario, every side claims to own the environment. The supporters of FME claim that their policy is the best for environmental conservation; consequently, they blame the conventional ways of ecological restoration as impractical to achieve the end. FME holds the need to safeguard the property rights against both private and public initiated harms, including ecological contamin ation. This means each person has the duty to evade polluting the property or backyard of another. When the proprietor consents that there is a deposition of waste onto private property, and it imposes physical damage, then this becomes ecological hurt but not pollution. All kinds of climate change impact property rights. Most of the human activities aggravate environmental change, leading to catastrophes (Adler 308). FME proponents consider the slightest ecological alteration an annoyance under the common law. Their main aim is to safeguard their property rights within the environment. Furthermore, the policy proposes that countries at high threats of green consequences should get security or reprieve. Industrialized countries like North America and Europe have contributed immensely to environmental degradation. They are; therefore liable to compensate developing countries since the emissions interfered with the property rights. Conclusion The struggle on who should own the environ ment is a weighty issue creating wrangles between environmentalists and the libertarians. Libertarians postulate that the best way to protect the environment is to own it privately without any governmental influence. Environmentalists, on the other hand, aim at conserving it through the application of regulations, as well as using the governmental powers to enforce them. The solitary technique of protecting the environment is through a rigid dedication to property rights. When individuals or groups like Nature Conservancy, get designation to a portion of setting, it is their assets and liability. They usually have a stake in preserving their ventures and acting rapidly to tackle any disquiets. It is certain that they may perhaps act deceptively; however, they meet the penalties in such cases. It is; therefore, asserted that ownership of the environment is a collective responsibility since each group has its own proposition. Works Cited Adler, Jonathan. â€Å"Taking Property Rights Seriously: The Case of Climate Change.† Social Philosophy and Policy 26.2 (2009): 296-316. Print. Barnett, Alex. Yandle, Bruce. â€Å"The End of the Externalities Revolution.† Social Philosophy and Policy 26.2 (2009): 130-50. Print. Block, Walter. â€Å"Environmentalism and Economic Freedom: The Case for Private Property Rights.† Journal of Business Ethics 17 (1998): 1887-99. Print. This essay on Who Owns Environment was written and submitted by user Peter Nixon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Guide to Harvards Online Certificate Programs

A Guide to Harvard's Online Certificate Programs Harvard Extension School students can choose from more than 100 online courses taught by Harvards distinguished faculty. As you would expect, these classes are challenging and require a significant time commitment. The majority of extension school professors are Harvard affiliates, but some teachers come from other universities as well as businesses. No special requirements are needed to enroll in Harvard Extension Schools online courses. All courses have an open-enrollment policy. As Harvard explains, A certificate demonstrates to employers that you have acquired a certain body of knowledge in a field. The courses for each certificate give you the opportunity to gain a currently relevant background for a field or profession. And the educational quality of the Harvard Extension School is widely recognized by employers. Harvard Extension School Certificates Harvards online program is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, a  regional accreditor. Students can take Harvard’s online courses individually or enroll in a degree or certificate program. In order to earn a certificate, new students must take five classes. There are no other admissions or capstone requirements. Students desiring no on-campus work may earn a Certificate in Environmental Management, a Certificate in Applied Sciences, a Citation in East Asian Studies, or a Citation in Web Technologies and Applications completely online. Other programs have mandatory residencies. A bachelors degree may be completed by taking four on-campus courses in addition to online work. Masters programs with limited residencies include  liberal arts, management, biotechnology, environmental management, and information technology. Open Admissions Individual classes at Harvard Extension School have an open-admissions policy. Certificate courses are conducted at the graduate level, so most students have already completed their undergraduate education. In order to complete the courses, students should also be proficient in English. By enrolling in the courses themselves, students will be able to determine if the level of coursework is appropriate for their experience. Costs Harvard Extension School tuition averages approximately $2,000 per course, as of May 2017. Although this price is more expensive than some online programs, many students feel they are receiving an Ivy League education for the price of a state-funded school. Federal financial aid is not available for students enrolled in degree or certificate programs through the extension program. Something to Consider Although the extension school is part of the university, earning a certificate from Harvard does not make you a Harvard alum. As Harvard explains, Most Extension School graduate degrees require 10 to 12 courses. With only five courses and no admissions requirements, certificates offer a quicker path to a professional development credential... Since the on-campus and online certificates are not degree programs, certificate awardees do not participate in Commencement or receive alumni status. Interested students may also want to look at other prestigious colleges offering certificate programs, including eCornell, Stanford, and UMassOnline. Experts generally recommend that students take online classes due to their relevance and their potential for advancement in a particular field, rather than their association with an Ivy League institution. However, some career counselors argue that a certificate from a prestigious school can help make your resume stand out from the crowd.

Physical Education for Special Needs Students

Physical Education for Special Needs Students The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)  states that physical education is a required service for children and youth between the ages of 3 and 21 who qualify for special education services because of a specific disability or developmental delay. The term special education refers to specially designed instruction, at no cost to the parents (FAPE), to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability, including instruction conducted in the classroom and instruction in physical education. The specially-designed program will be outlined in the childs Individual Education Program/Plan (IEP). Therefore, physical education services, specially designed if necessary, must be made available to every child with a disability receiving FAPE. Physical education for a special needs child will develop: Fundamental motor skills and patternsSkills in aquatics and danceIndividual and group games and sports (including intramural and lifetime sports) One of the fundamental concepts in the IDEA, Least Restrictive Environment, is designed to ensure that students with disabilities receive as much instruction and as much general education curriculum with their typical peers as possible. Physical education teachers will need to adapt instructional strategies and activity areas to meet the needs of students with IEPs.   Physical Education Adaptions for Students with IEPs Adaptations may include narrowing the expectations of students according to their needs.  The demand for performance and participation will naturally be adapted to the students ability to participate. The childs special educator will consult with the physical education teacher and classroom support staff to decide if the physical education program requires mild, moderate or limited participation. Remember that you will be adapting, modifying, and changing the activity and or equipment to meet the needs of the special needs students. Adaptations may also include larger balls, bats, assistance, using different body parts, or providing more rest time. The goal should be for the child to benefit from the physical education instruction by experiencing success and learning physical activities that will build the foundation for life-long physical activity.   In some cases, a special instructor with special training may participate with the general education physical educator.  Adaptive P.E. needs to be designated as an SDI (specially designed instruction, or service) in the IEP, and the adaptive P.E. teacher will also evaluate the student and the students needs.  Those specific needs will be addressed in IEP goals as well as SDIs, so the specific needs of the child are addressed.   Suggestions for Physical Education Teachers Consult with parents and specialized support staff.Do not require students to do activities they are not capable of.Dont have student selections for teams and games that will leave the special needs child the last to be selected.Whenever possible, create tasks that the child with a handicap is capable of performing, this helps self-respect.There are a wealth of resources online and with associations concerned with exceptional children. Search out these resources. Remember, When Working Towards Inclusion,  Consider: How can I change this activity to suit the student?How can I adapt this activity?How can I modify this activity?How will I assess the physical activity?Can I involve a teachers assistant or parent volunteer?How will I ensure the rest of the class involves the student with a handicap? Think in terms of action, time, assistance, equipment, boundaries, distance, etc.

What adjective best describes and defines me Essay

What adjective best describes and defines me - Essay Example However, before delving into a personal analysis of why this word appropriately defines me, it should be considered that for purposes of this analysis, the term motivation and/or motivated will be defined as follows (per the Merriam Webster Dictionary): â€Å"to be provided with a motive or incentive for action† (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2005). It is of course understood that motivated in and of itself is not an effective solitary definition of who I am and how my personality is exhibited to others. However, as a result of analyzing myself, motivated was the singular term that I kept coming back to in seeking to find an appropriate adjective that most appropriately encapsulated who I am and how I approach life and all of the situations it offers. Though many alternative definitions necessarily exist, the term motivated, as it will be analyzed within this analysis is appropriate to defining my personality not due to the fact that it can be used in explaining behavior with regards to academic studies or relationships alone; rather, it serves as an all encompassing term that helps to define how I integrate with the world and define whether or not a given item is of worth and/or how/if I should pursue it. Whereas it is true that many people are profoundly impacted by the way in which their parents instilled values in them or the environment in which they were raised, it is my belief that the motivation that exists within me is as much a product of my own unique identity as the color of my hair or the shape of my own nose. This belief is due to the fact that I have exhibited signs of motivation from early childhood and continue to exhibit them well into adulthood. Whereas many children are briefly blinded by a particular idea and set out to pursue it for a period of time until losing interest, the same cannot be said for me with regards to reviewing my childhood. Taking my interest in music as an example, I